The 56-year-old replaces Wang Yi, who has been the face of Chinese diplomacy since 2013.
Qin had been Beijing's top representative in Washington since last year, charged with putting the relationship between the world's two largest economies back on track.
He has earned a reputation as a "wolf warrior", a nickname given to Chinese diplomats who respond vehemently to Western nations they perceive as hostile.
He said in 2020 the image of China in the West had deteriorated because Europeans and Americans -- in particular the media -- had never accepted the Chinese political system or its economic rise.
Qin, a fluent English speaker, also stepped up visibility in Washington through public and media appearances in which he explained the Chinese position. He previously served as a spokesperson of the Chinese foreign ministry.
US Secretary of State Antony Blinken, who plans a visit in early 2023 to Beijing as tensions ease, "expects to continue a productive working relationship with Foreign Minister Qin in his new role," a State Department spokesperson said.
"The United States will continue to maintain open lines of communication and responsibly manage the US-PRC relationship," the spokesperson said, referring to the People's Republic of China.
Originally from the northeastern city of Tianjin, Qin frequently rubbed shoulders with President Xi Jinping before 2018 in his duties as chief of the foreign ministry's protocol department.
He also served as vice foreign minister between 2018 and last year.
Qin has previously laid out a vision of China as a country that has little to learn from the West and has invoked its history as a victim during the Opium Wars of the 19th century.
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